Meaningful change in measures of gait variability in older adults☆

Abstract 

Objectives

Gait variability is an important indicator of impaired mobility in older adults; however, little is known about the meaning of change in gait variability over time. This study estimated clinically meaningful change in measures of gait variability using both distribution- and anchor-based approaches.

Design

Community-based observational cohort study.

Setting

Bronx County and the research center at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Participants

Of 1148 participants in the Einstein Aging Study, 241 had quantitative gait assessments in two consecutive years between 2001 and 2005.

Measurements

Gait variables were collected using a 12-foot instrumented walkway as participants walked at their normal walking speed. Gait variability was defined as the within-person standard deviation (SD) across steps in two 12-foot walks. Distribution-based meaningful change estimates used Cohen's effect size (0.2 for small and 0.5 for moderate effects). Anchor-based estimates were obtained using dichotomous and ordinal self-reported walking ability ratings as anchors.

Results

Distribution-based estimates for small and substantial changes of variability measures were: stance time 0.005 and 0.014s; swing time 0.003 and 0.009s; step length 0.24 and 0.61cm; and step width 0.03 and 0.08cm. Among those reporting no change in walking ability, measures of gait variability were stable over 1 year. Among those reporting a decline in walking, stance time and swing time variability increased. Among those reporting an improvement in walking, only step length variability improved.

Conclusion

Preliminary criteria for meaningful change are 0.01s for stance time and swing time variability and 0.25cm for step length variability. These estimates may identify important changes over time in both clinical settings and research studies.

Keywords: Gait speed, Gait variability, Meaningful change, Aging