Gait & Posture
Volume 31, Issue 2 , Pages 185-190 , February 2010

Speeding up gait initiation and gait-pattern with a startling stimulus

  • Ana Queralt

      Affiliations

    • Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
    • Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
    • ,
  • Josep Valls-Solé

      Affiliations

    • Unitat d’EMG, Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
    • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
    • ,
  • Juan M. Castellote

      Affiliations

    • Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
    • Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 913941518.

Received 9 October 2008 ,Revised 23 September 2009 ,Accepted 7 October 2009.

References 

  1. Carlsöö S. Initiation of walking. Acta Anat (Basel). 1966;65:1–9
  2. Crenna P, Frigo C. A motor programme for the initiation of forward-oriented movements in humans. J Physiol. 1991;437:635–653
  3. Malouin F, Richards CL. Preparatory adjustments during gait initiation in 4–6-year-old children. Gait Posture. 2000;11:239–253
  4. Mann RA, Hagy JL, White V, Liddell D. The initiation of gait. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:232–239
  5. Hughes GM, Wiersma CAG. The co-ordination of swimmeret movements in the crayfish, procambarus-clarkii (Girard). J Exp Biol. 1960;37:657–670
  6. Wilson DM. Central nervous control of flight in a locust. J Exp Biol. 1961;38:471–490
  7. Duysens J, Van de Crommert HW. Neural control of locomotion; the central pattern generator from cats to humans. Gait Posture. 1998;7:131–141
  8. Barbeau H, Rossignol S. Initiation and modulation of the locomotor pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs. Brain Res. 1991;546:250–260
  9. Cazalets JR, Sqalli-Houssaini Y, Clarac F. Activation of the central pattern generators for locomotion by serotonin and excitatory amino-acids in neonatal rat. J Physiol. 1992;455:187–204
  10. Valls-Sole J, Sole A, Valldeoriola F, Muñoz E, Gonzalez LE, Tolosa ES. Reaction time and acoustic startle in normal human subjects. Neurosci Lett. 1995;195:97–100
  11. Valls-Sole J, Rothwell JC, Goulart F, Cossu G, Munoz E. Patterned ballistic movements triggered by a startle in healthy humans. J Physiol. 1999;516:931–938
  12. Carlsen AN, Chua R, Inglis JT, Sanderson DJ, Franks IM. Prepared movements are elicited early by startle. J Mot Behav. 2004;36:253–264
  13. Tresilian JR, Plooy AM. Effects of acoustic startle stimuli on interceptive action. Neuroscience. 2006;142:579–594
  14. Queralt A, Valls-Sole J, Castellote JM. The effects of a startle on the sit-to-stand manoeuvre. Exp Brain Res. 2008;185:603–609
  15. Reynolds RF, Day BL. Fast visuomotor processing made faster by sound. J Physiol. 2007;583:1107–1115
  16. MacKinnon CD, Bissig D, Chiusano J, Miller E, Rudnick L, Jager C, et al. Preparation of anticipatory postural adjustments prior to stepping. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:4368–4379
  17. Queralt A, Weerdesteyn V, van Duijnhoven HJ, Castellote JM, Valls-Solé J, Duysens J. The effects of an auditory startle on obstacle avoidance during walking. J Physiol. 2008;586:4453–4463
  18. Schepens B, Delwaide PJ. Modifications of audio-spinal facilitation during gait in normal man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;97:424–431
  19. Carlsen AN, Chua R, Inglis JT, Sanderson DJ, Franks IM. Can prepared responses be stored subcortically?. Exp Brain Res. 2004;159:301–309
  20. Delval A, Krystkowiak P, Blatt JL, Labyt E, Destée A, Derambure P, et al. Differences in anticipatory postural adjustments between self-generated and triggered gait initiation in 20 healthy subjects. Neurophysiol Clin. 2005;35:180–190
  21. MacKay-Lyons M. Central pattern generation of locomotion: a review of the evidence. Phys Ther. 2002;82:69–83
  22. Wernig A, Müller S. Laufband locomotion with body-weight support improved walking in persons with severe spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia. 1992;30:229–238
  23. Barbeau H, Norman K, Fung J, Visintin M, Ladouceur M. Does neurorehabilitation play a role in the recovery of walking in neurological populations?. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;860:377–392
  24. Clarac F. Some historical reflections on the neural control of locomotion. Brain Res Rev. 2008;57:13–21
  25. Crapse TB, Sommer MA. Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9:587–600
  26. Nieuwenhuijzen PH, Schillings AM, van Galen GP, Duysens J. Modulation of the startle response during human gait. J Neurophysiol. 2000;84:65–74
  27. Drew T. Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanesthetized cat. III. Microstimulation during locomotion. J Neurophysiol. 1991;66:919–938

PII: S0966-6362(09)00636-5

doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.10.003

Gait & Posture
Volume 31, Issue 2 , Pages 185-190 , February 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution