Gait & Posture
Volume 31, Issue 4 , Pages 473-478 , April 2010

Utilized friction when entering and exiting a dry and wet bathtub

  • Gunter P. Siegmund

      Affiliations

    • MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, 11-11151 Horseshoe Way, Richmond, BC, Canada V7A 4S5
    • School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, 11-11151 Horseshoe Way, Richmond, BC, Canada V7A 4S5. Tel.: +1 604 277 3040; fax: +1 604 277 3020.
    • ,
  • Jim Flynn

      Affiliations

    • J2 Engineering Inc., 7636 N. Ingram, Suite 108, Fresno, CA 93711, USA
    • Tel.: +1 559 437 3884.
    • ,
  • Daniel W. Mang

      Affiliations

    • School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
    • Tel.: +1 604 822 3838.
    • ,
  • Dennis D. Chimich

      Affiliations

    • MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, 11-11151 Horseshoe Way, Richmond, BC, Canada V7A 4S5
    • Tel.: +1 604 277 3040.
    • ,
  • John C. Gardiner

      Affiliations

    • MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, 23281 Vista Grande Dr., Suite A, Laguna Hills, CA 92653, USA
    • Tel.: +1 949 855 4632.

Received 7 May 2009 ,Revised 20 January 2010 ,Accepted 1 February 2010.

References 

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  2. Stone RF, Blackwell D, Burton DJ. A systematic program to reduce the incidence and severity of bathtub and shower area injuries. US Consumer Product Safety Commission Contract No.: CPSC-P-74-334. Cambridge, MA: ABT Associates 1975.
  3. Chen HC, Ashton-Miller JA, Alexander NB, Schultz AB. Stepping over obstacles: gait patterns of healthy young and old adults. J Gerontol. 1991;46:M196–203
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  5. Sparrow WA, Shinkfield A, Chow S, Begg RK. Characteristics of gait in stepping over obstacles. Hum Movement Sci. 1996;15:605–622
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  12. Lockhart TE, Spaulding JM, Park SH. Age-related slip avoidance strategy while walking over a known slippery floor surface. Gait Posture. 2007;26:142–149
  13. Moyer BE, Chambers AJ, Redfern MS, Cham R. Gait parameters as predictors of slip severity in younger and older adults. Ergonomics. 2006;49:329–343
  14. Buczek FL, Banks SA. High-resolution force plate analysis of utilized slip resistance in human walking. J Test Eval. 1996;24:353–358
  15. Burnfield JM, Powers CM. The role of center of mass kinematics in predicting peak utilized coefficient of friction. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:1328–1333
  16. Kim S, Lockhart T, Yoon H-Y. Relationship between age-related gait adaptations and required coefficient of friction. Safety Sci. 2005;43:425–436
  17. Christina KA, Cavanagh PR. Ground reaction forces and frictional demands during stair descent: effects of age and illumination. Gait Posture. 2002;15:153–158
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  19. Brown LA, Gage WH, Polych MA, Sleik RJ, Winder TR. Central set influences on gait. Age-dependent effects of postural threat. Exp Brain Res. 2002;145:286–296
  20. Reelick MF, van Iersel MB, Kessels RP, Rikkert MG. The influence of fear of falling on gait and balance in older people. Age Ageing. 2009;38:435–440
  21. Davis JR, Campbell AD, Adkin AL, Carpenter MG. The relationship between fear of falling and human postural control. Gait Posture. 2009;29:275–279
  22. Kerrigan DC, Todd MK, Della Croce U. Gender differences in joint biomechanics during walking: normative study in young adults. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;77:2–7
  23. Perkins PJ. Measurement of slip between the shoe and ground during walking. In: Anderson C, Senne H, editors. Walkway surfaces: measurement of slip resistance. ASTM STP 649. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials; 1978. p. 71–87.
  24. Powers CM, Brault JR, Stefanou MA, Tsai YJ, Flynn J, Siegmund GP. Assessment of walkway tribometer readings in evaluating slip resistance: a gait-based approach. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:400–405
  25. ASTM International . Standard consumer safety specifications for slip resistant bathing facilities (F462-79, Reapproved 2007). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2007;
  26. Friedlander MM. Procedures for evaluating bathing facility slip and fall accidents (CTIOA/COF Report #9, R-01). Culver City, CA: Ceramic Tile Institute of America; 2005.

PII: S0966-6362(10)00042-1

doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.02.003

Gait & Posture
Volume 31, Issue 4 , Pages 473-478 , April 2010

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