Gait & Posture
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 176-180 , June 2010

The effect of evenly distributed load carrying on lower body gait dynamics for normal weight and overweight subjects

  • Benjamin Smith

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 140 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Tel.: +1 864 356 1752; fax: +1 540 231 8836.
  • ,
  • Michael Roan
  • ,
  • Minhyung Lee

Received 18 February 2008 ,Revised 2 April 2010 ,Accepted 14 April 2010.

References 

  1. Dalen A, Nilsson J, Thorstensson A. Factors influencing a prolonged foot march. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institute. FOA Report C50601-H6; 1978.
  2. Knapik J, Reynolds K, Staab J, Vogel JA, Jones B. Injuries associated with strenuous road marching. Mil Med. 1992;157:64–67
  3. Kinoshita H. Effects of different loads and carrying systems on selected biomechanical parameters describing walking gait. Ergonomics. 1985;28(9):1347–1362
  4. Hong Y, Brueggemann GP. Changes in gait patterns in 10-year-old boys with increasing loads when walking on a treadmill. Gait Posture. 2000;11:254–259
  5. Knapik J, Harman E, Reynolds K. Load carriage using packs: a review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects. Appl Ergon. 1996;27(3):207–216
  6. Wittman MG, Ward JM, Flynn PJ. Visual analysis of the effects of load carriage on gait. Proc SPIE. 2005;5779:15–22
  7. Must A, Strauss RS. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:S2–S11
  8. McGraw B, McClenaghan BA, Williams HG, Dickerson J, Ward DS. Gait and posture stability in obese and nonobese prepubertal boys. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:484–489
  9. Messier SP. Osteoarthritis of the knee and associated factors of age and obesity: effects on gait. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:1446–1452
  10. Messier SP, Ettinger WH, Doyle TE, Morgan T, James KK, O’toll ML, et al. Obesity: effects on gait in an osteoarthritic population. J Appl Biomech. 1996;12:161–172
  11. Hills AP, Parker AW. Gait characteristics of obese children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72:403–407
  12. Hall DMB, Cole TJ. What use is the BMI. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:283–286
  13. Haddad JM, van Emmerik RE, Whittlesey SN, Hamill J. Adaptations in interlimb and intralimb coordination to asymmetrical loading in human walking. Gait Posture. 2006;23:429–434
  14. Prieto TE, Myklebust JB, Hoffmann RG, Lovett EG, Myklebust BM. Measures of postural steadiness: differences between healthy young and elderly adults. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1996;43(9):956–966
  15. Chow DHK, Kwok MLY, Au-Yang ACK, Holmes AD, Cheng JCY, Yao FYD, et al. The effect of backpack load on the gait of normal adolescent girls. Ergonomics. 2005;48(6):642–656
  16. Kim S, Lockhart T, Yoon HY. Relationship between age-related gait adaptations and required coefficient of friction. Saf Sci. 2003;43:425–436
  17. Mickelborough J, van der Linden ML, Richards J, Ennos AR. Validity and reliability of a kinematic protocol for determining foot contact events. Gait Posture. 2000;11:32–37
  18. Harman E, Han KH, Frykman P, Pandorf C. The effects of backpack weight on the biomechanics of load carriage. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Military Performance Division. Technical Report T-00-17, Natick, MA; 2000.
  19. LaFiandra M, Wagenaar RC, Holt KG, Obusek JP. How do load carriage and walking speed influence trunk coordination and stride parameters?. J Biomech. 2002;36:87–95
  20. Kurz MJ, Stergiou N. Effect of normalization and phase angle calculations on continuous relative phase. J Biomech. 2002;35:369–374
  21. Griffin TM, Roberts TJ, Kram R. Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95:172–183
  22. Whittle M. Gait analysis: an introduction. 4th ed.. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2007;
  23. Browning RC, Baker EA, Herron JA, Kram R. Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking. J Appl Physiol. 2007;100:390–398
  24. Foster GD, Wadden TA, Kendrick ZV, Letizia KA, Lander DP, Conill AM. The energy cost of walking before and after significant weight loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:888–894
  25. Lazzer S, Boirie Y, Bitar A, Montaurier C, Vernet J, Meyer M, et al. Assessment of energy expenditure associated with physical activities in free-living obese and nonobese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:471–479
  26. Berrigan F, Simoneau M, Tremblay A, Hue O, Teasdale N. Influence of obesity on accurate and rapid arm movement performed from a standing posture. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:1750–1757
  27. DeVita P, Hortobagyi T. Obesity is not associated with increased knee joint torque and power during level walking. J Biomech. 2003;36:1355–1362
  28. Spyropoulos P, Pisciotta JC, Pavlou KN, Cairns MA, Simon SR. Biomechanical gait analysis in obese men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72:1065–1070
  29. Jones K, Barker K. Human movement explained. Woburn, London: Butterwoth-Heinemann; 1996;
  30. Scholz JP. Dynamic pattern theory – some implications for therapeutics. Phys Ther. 1990;7012:827–843
  31. Bottaro A, Casadio M, Morasso PG, Sanguineti V. Body sway during quiet standing: is it the residual chattering of an intermittent stabilization prcoess?. Hum Mov Sci. 2005;24(4):588–615

PII: S0966-6362(10)00113-X

doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.04.007

Gait & Posture
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 176-180 , June 2010