Gait & Posture
Volume 34, Issue 2 , Pages 197-201 , June 2011

Can biomechanical variables predict improvement in crouch gait?

  • Jennifer L. Hicks

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
    • Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: James H. Clark Center, Room S231, Stanford University, Mail Code 5448, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Tel.: +1 650 498 4403; fax: +1 650 724 1922.
  • ,
  • Scott L. Delp

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
    • Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
  • ,
  • Michael H. Schwartz

      Affiliations

    • Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St. Paul, MN, USA
    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Received 27 October 2010 ,Revised 14 April 2011 ,Accepted 18 April 2011.

References 

  1. Gordon AB, Baird GO, McMulkin ML, Caskey PM, Ferguson RL. Gait analysis outcomes of percutaneous medial hamstring tenotomies in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2008;28(3):324–329
  2. DeLuca PA, Ounpuu S, Davis RB, Walsh JH. Effect of hamstring and psoas lengthening on pelvic tilt in patients with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 1998;18:712–718
  3. Abel MF, Damiano DL, Pannunzio M, Bush J. Muscle-tendon surgery in diplegic cerebral palsy: functional and mechanical changes. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 1999;19(3):366–375
  4. Kay RM, Rethlefsen SA, Skaggs D, Leet A. Outcome of medial versus combined medial and lateral hamstring lengthening surgery in cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2002;22(2):169–172
  5. Stefko RM, de Swart RJ, Dodgin DA, Wyatt MP, Kaufman KR, Sutherland DH, et al. Kinematic and kinetic analysis of distal derotational osteotomy of the leg in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 1998;18(1):81–87
  6. Selber P, Filho ER, Dallalana R, Pirpiris M, Nattrass GR, Graham HK. Supramalleolar derotation osteotomy of the tibia, with T plate fixation. Technique and results in patients with neuromuscular disease. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [Br]. 2004;86(8):1170–1175
  7. Ryan DD, Rethlefsen SA, Skaggs DL, Kay RM. Results of tibial rotational osteotomy without concomitant fibular osteotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2005;25(1):84–88
  8. Adolfsen SE, Ounpuu S, Bell KJ, DeLuca PA. Kinematic and kinetic outcomes after identical multilevel soft tissue surgery in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2007;27(6):658–667
  9. Rodda JM, Graham HK, Nattrass GR, Galea MP, Baker R, Wolfe R. Correction of severe crouch gait in patients with spastic diplegia with use of multilevel orthopaedic surgery. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [Am]. 2006;88(12):2653–2664
  10. Filho MC, Yoshida R, CarvalhoWda S, Stein HE, Novo NF. Are the recommendations from three-dimensional gait analysis associated with better postoperative outcomes in patients with cerebral palsy?. Gait and Posture. 2008;28(2):316–322
  11. Gough M, Shortland AP. Can clinical gait analysis guide the management of ambulant children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy?. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2008;28(8):879–883
  12. Lofterod B, Terjesen T, Skaaret I, Huse AB, Jahnsen R. Preoperative gait analysis has a substantial effect on orthopedic decision making in children with cerebral palsy: comparison between clinical evaluation and gait analysis in 60 patients. Acta Orthopaedica. 2007;78(1):74–80
  13. Skaggs DL, Rethlefsen SA, Kay RM, Dennis SW, Reynolds RA, Tolo VT. Variability in gait analysis interpretation. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2000;20(6):759–764
  14. Arnold AS, Liu MQ, Schwartz MH, Ounpuu S, Dias LS, Delp SL. Do the hamstrings operate at increased muscle-tendon lengths and velocities after surgical lengthening?. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006;39(8):1498–1506
  15. Arnold AS, Liu MQ, Schwartz MH, Ounpuu S, Delp SL. The role of estimating muscle-tendon lengths and velocities of the hamstrings in the evaluation and treatment of crouch gait. Gait and Posture. 2006;23(3):273–281
  16. Schwartz M, Lakin G. The effect of tibial torsion on the dynamic function of the soleus during gait. Gait and Posture. 2003;17(2):113–118
  17. Hicks J, Arnold A, Anderson F, Schwartz M, Delp S. The effect of excessive tibial torsion on the capacity of muscles to extend the hip and knee during single-limb stance. Gait and Posture. 2007;26(4):546–552
  18. Hicks JL, Schwartz MH, Arnold AS, Delp SL. Crouched postures reduce the capacity of muscles to extend the hip and knee during the single-limb stance phase of gait. Journal of Biomechanics. 2008;41(5):960–967
  19. Arnold AS, Anderson FC, Pandy MG, Delp SL. Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of normal gait: a framework for investigating the causes of crouch gait. Journal of Biomechanics. 2005;38(11):2181–2189
  20. Steele KM, Seth A, Hicks JL, Schwartz MS, Delp SL. Muscle contributions to support and progression during single-limb stance in crouch gait. Journal of Biomechanics. 2010;43(11):2099–2105
  21. Maldonado G, Greenland S. Estimating causal effects. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002;31(2):422–429
  22. Arnold AS, Blemker SS, Delp SL. Evaluation of a deformable musculoskeletal model for estimating muscle-tendon lengths during crouch gait. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2001;29(3):263–274
  23. Kendall H, Kendall F, Wadsworth G. Muscle Testing and Function. 2nd ed.. London: Williams and Wilkins; 1971;
  24. Rozumalski A, Schwartz MH. Crouch gait patterns defined using k-means cluster analysis are related to underlying clinical pathology. Gait and Posture. 2009;30(2):155–160
  25. Singer JD, Willett JB. Applied longitudinal data analysis: modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2003;
  26. Kohavi RA. Study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection. In: In the proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on artificial intelligence, Vol. 2. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.; 1995;
  27. Delp SL, Statler K, Carroll NC. Preserving plantar flexion strength after surgical treatment for contracture of the triceps surae: a computer simulation study. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 1995;13(1):96–104
  28. Dietz FR, Albright JC, Dolan L. Medium-term follow-up of Achilles tendon lengthening in the treatment of ankle equinus in cerebral palsy. Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. 2006;26:27–32
  29. Schwartz MH, Rozumalski A. The gait deviation index: a new comprehensive index of gait pathology. Gait and Posture. 2008;28(3):351–357
  30. McDowell BC, Hewitt V, Nurse A, Weston T, Baker R. The variability of goniometric measurements in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy. Gait and Posture. 2000;12(2):114–121

PII: S0966-6362(11)00136-6

doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.04.009

Gait & Posture
Volume 34, Issue 2 , Pages 197-201 , June 2011