Full length articleAre there differences in the dual-task walking variability of minimum toe clearance in chronic low back pain patients and healthy controls?
Introduction
Exploring variability in human movement is critical for understanding the functioning of the human sensorimotor system and motor control [1]. Pathology and aging goes along with altered movement variability [2] with extreme levels of variability indicating non-physiological motor behaviour [1], [3]. Especially the variability of minimum toe clearance (MTC) seems to be a promising marker to evaluate motor control during walking in older adults as it depicts a precise-end-point control task [4], [5]. The control of MTC reflects the ability to negotiate external surface-related perturbations (control of boundary constraints) which is required to avoid tripping [6]. Thus, whereas other sensitive measures provide information about an individual's ability to adequately respond to a trip or other unexpected perturbations in order to prevent falling (e.g. local dynamic stability [7], [8], [9]), the variability of MTC might provide information about the likelihood to experience a trip.
Gait control/automatism is frequently assessed with a motor-cognitive walking dual-task paradigm [10]. Many theories exist regarding why dual-task interferences arise [11], [12], [13] but these theories have not been definitively proven. In most established theories, attentional limitations are responsible for the resulting dual-task costs [13]. Stable gait relies on attentional resources and brain activity during walking, which again is sensitive to task complexity, age and pathologies. This phenomenon underpins the significance of cortical and sub-cortical gait control mechanisms [14]. But the human brain’s capacity is limited [15]. The neural structures that process information in the motor systems and sensory systems show competitive behaviour [16] which might presumably be because of the brain’s limited resources coupled with the inability to sustain activation simultaneously in all neural structures in challenging dual-task situations [17]. Therefore, gait variability increases significantly (becomes worse) when walking while performing a cognitive task [18]. However, it was reported that in healthy older people, MTC variability does not change in a dual-task walking condition as compared to normal walking whereas the variability of stride time and stride length did significantly increase. It has been speculated that MTC control might be of higher importance than the control of other gait parameters in challenging situations [19] and, thus, is controlled more precisely even in dual-task situations. In a test-retest reliability study, it further was found that after a period of one week, older individuals were more able to reproduce their MTC variability as compared to the variability of other gait parameters (e.g. stride time and stride length) [20]. These data also indicate that MTC could be a more controlled gait parameter where big changes are avoided by the central nervous system in healthy individuals.
MTC height central tendency has been reported not to be affected by ageing [4]. Its variability, however, has been shown to be greater in older adults [5], and in groups with pathological gait [21]. In addition, we previously observed that in older people, MTC variability of dual-task walking improved after a 6 months motor-cognitive intervention [22] while the variability of the other gait parameters does not change. These results show that 1) the control of MTC can be improved and 2) the control of MTC is prioritized to be addressed by an appropriate motor-cognitive dual-task intervention. Nevertheless, the relationship between the control of MTC (which is strongly associated with tripping risk [4]) and other gait parameters is not yet fully understood and should especially be examined in at-risk subjects to elucidate potential tripping mechanisms [23].
Patients suffering from chronic pain are such at-risk individuals (e.g. for falling) [24], [25] and functional implications caused by pain have frequently been studied using dual-task paradigms. The stride-to-stride variability of trunk trajectories in chronic low back pain patients is reported to increase to a higher extent due to a dual-task situation as compared to healthy controls [26]. This might be because chronic pain contributes to a shift in the balance of gait control from automaticity to executive control. One mechanism, which could be responsible for that phenomenon, is the intentional avoidance of pain (executive locomotor control strategy) where individuals consciously adjust their movements in order to minimize the occurrence of pain [27]. Another reason explaining a more controlled movement might be the interference which exists between the neural control pathways for pain and automaticity [10] as pain exerts inhibitory effects on motor activity through cerebral and spinal mechanisms [10], [28], [29]. This, in turn, could explain why pain has disruptive effects on cognitive functions possibly leading 1) to a decreased capability to dual task [30] and 2) to increased motor-cognitive dual-task costs while walking. These dual-task costs could increase tripping risk especially if MTC control during walking is also negatively affected.
The aim of the current study is to investigate the variability of 1) MTC, 2) stride time and 3) stride length in normal walking and in a cognitive dual-task walking condition in patients suffering from chronic low back pain and healthy controls. As on the one hand, the variability of stride time and stride length increases during a dual-task condition but the MTC variability does not [19], and on the other hand, chronic LBP patients increase their trunk variability while healthy controls do not [26], we hypothesized that 1) only in chronic LBP patients, the MTC variability increases in the dual-task condition, and that 2) the variability of all gait parameters is higher in chronic LBP patients as compared to healthy controls.
Section snippets
Methods
The study has been approved by the local ethics committee at Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg. Twelve healthy participants (mean age = 57 years, SD = 14 years) not suffering from orthopaedic or neurological diseases and twelve chronic LBP patients (self-reported pain lasting for three or more months as well as a visual analogue scale pain score (with “0” indicating no pain and “10” indicating maximal pain) of 4 or higher; mean age = 55 years, SD = 12 years) were recruited from a back therapy
Results
Table 1 and Table 2 show the means and standard deviations as well as medians and interquartile ranges of gait measures in single- and dual-task walking in LBP patients and healthy controls. The median and interquartile values of gait variability measures of LBP and controls in single-task and dual-task walking are presented in Table 3.
As shown in Fig. 1, the variability of stride length of LBP patients were higher (Z = −2.824; p = 0.005) in dual-task walking, while a non-significant increase was
Discussion
This study aimed to compare the variability of different gait parameters (MTC, stride time and stride length) in normal walking vs. dual-task walking in patients suffering from chronic LBP and in healthy controls. As expected, in chronic LBP patients the variability was higher in stride time variability and stride length variability during dual-task walking. This phenomenon was not observed in MTC variability. Furthermore, we did not find an increase in MTC variability in dual-task walking in
Conflict of interests
There is no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgements
No external sources of support have to be declared.
References (33)
- et al.
A systematic review of the effect of ageing and falls history on minimum foot clearance characteristics during level walking
Gait Posture
(2010) - et al.
Towards the assessment of local dynamic stability of level-grounded walking in an older population
Med. Eng. Phys.
(2015) - et al.
Adaptive executive control: Flexible multiple-task performance without pervasive immutable response-selection bottlenecks
Acta Psychol.
(1995) - et al.
Brain activity during walking: a systematic review
Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.
(2015) Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: the transient hypofrontality hypothesis
Consciousness Cognit.
(2003)- et al.
The effects of everyday concurrent tasks on overground minimum toe clearance and gait parameters
Gait Posture
(2010) - et al.
Fear of pain, physical performance, and attentional processes in patients with fibromyalgia
Pain
(2003) - et al.
The psychological construct of word fluency
Brain Language
(1997) - et al.
Motor-cognitive dual-task training improves local dynamic stability of normal walking in older individuals
Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)
(2016) - et al.
Extreme levels of noise constitute a key neuromuscular deficit in the elderly
PloS One
(2012)
Kinematic measures for assessing gait stability in elderly individuals: a systematic review
J. R. Soc. Interface
Too much or too little step width variability is associated with a fall history in older persons who walk at or near normal gait speed
J. NeuroEng. Rehab.
Toe clearance variability during walking in young and elderly men
Gait Posture
A comparative study on approximate entropy measure and poincare plot indexes of minimum foot clearance variability in the elderly during walking
J. NeuroEng. Rehab.
Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures
J. R. Soc. Interface
Nonlinear time series analysis of normal and pathological human walking
Chaos
Cited by (31)
Do people with low back pain walk differently? A systematic review and meta-analysis
2022, Journal of Sport and Health ScienceAssociation between central sensitization and gait in chronic low back pain: Insights from a machine learning approach
2022, Computers in Biology and MedicineAssessment instruments of movement quality in patients with non-specific low back pain: A systematic review and selection of instruments
2020, Gait and PostureCitation Excerpt :Of all selected instruments only the computer video-analysis system [28] and the aberrant movement test [27,54] have specific interpretations of the scores for patients with NS-LBP (26,27,53). An acceptable maximum test duration of 10 min was used in two out of four selected simple motion analysis systems [28,46] and in all standardized observational tests [27,33,36,42,54,55]. HPs’ unfamiliarity with the materials, calculation, and interpretation of simple instrumented motion analysis systems [28,46] or with the protocols, criteria, scores, and interpretation of the selected standardized observational tests [27,33,36,42,54,55] may require additional training to achieve appropriate expertise.
- 1
All authors were fully involved in the study and preparation of the manuscript. Each of the authors has read and concurs with the content in the final manuscript. The material within has not been and will not be submitted for publication elsewhere except as an abstract.